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Precipitation rnonitoring is a rnain task for weather radar applications. In quantitative applications, as estirnation of the rain rate, the fundamental quantity is the rneasurernent of the intensity of the retum signal strength, giving the so called reflectivity factor, or reflectivity, which is …

Back-trajectory models are examples of the most simple adjoint models used for tracing of important source regions attributed to measured tracers. These models do, however, suffer from oversimplification of the transport-diffusion processes in the atmosphere. By utilizing adjoint equations in a 3D …